Iyo yekupedzisira boom mune tekinoroji innovation yeindasitiri yemhangurazvakaitika mumakumi maviri emakore ekutanga ezana rino remakore, apo kucherwa kwegomba rakavhurika, flotation concentration, uye reverberatory smelter zvakagadziridzwa kuita porphyry copper ores.

Kunze kweleaching-solvent extrac tion-electrowinning, nzira dzekutanga dzemupurisa pakugadzira dzakaramba dzisina kushanduka kwemakore makumi matanhatu nemashanu. Uyezve, migodhi mitanhatu yakavhurwa pakati pa1900 na1920 ichiri pakati pevagadziri vakuru vemhangura muUnited States nhasi.

Panzvimbo pekusvetukira kukuru kumberi, hunyanzvi hwetekinoroji muindasitiri yemhangura mumakore makumi matanhatu neshanu apfuura hwakave nekuchinja kwakanyanya kwakabvumira makambani kushandisa zvicherwa zvegiredhi rezasi uye kuramba achideredza mutengo wekugadzira. Hupfumi hwemwero hwave hwechokwadi

ized muzvikamu zvose zvekugadzirwa kwemhangura. Zvese ma chine uye kugadzirwa kwevanhu kwakawedzera zvakanyanya.

Ichi chitsauko chinotsanangura muchidimbu tekinoroji yekugadzira mhangura, kubva pakuongorora, kuburikidza nemigodhi nekugaya, kusvika pakunyungudusa nekunatsa kana kunyungudusa kudhirowa uye electrowinning. Chitsauko chinotanga nekutarisa kwenhoroondo ye cop pakuvandudza tekinoroji. Zvadaro, kune imwe neimwe

nhanho yekugadzira mhangura, inoongorora mamiriro ezvino rendi, inoratidza kufambira mberi kwehunyanzvi hwemazuva ano, inoongorora kufambira mberi kungangoitika mune ramangwana uye tsvakiridzo nebudiriro zvinodiwa, uye inokurukura kukosha kwekumwe kufambira mberi mukukwikwidza kweindasitiri yeUS. Mufananidzo 6-1

inoratidza kuyerera-mashizha e pyrometallurgical' uye hydrometallurgical

2 kugadzirwa kwemhangura. Matafura 6-1 uye 6-2 anopa capsule pfupiso dzemaitiro aya.

1 PyrometaIIurgy NDIYO kuburitswa kwemetaI kubva mu ore uye kutarisisa mateti uchishandisa kemikari maitiro pakupisa kwakanyanya.

2 Hydrometallurgy ndiko kudzoreredza metaIs kubva mu ores uchishandisa mvura yakavakirwa mhinduro.

Kare muna 6000 BC, mhangura yekuzvarwa-iyo simbi yakachena-yakawanikwa sematombo matsvuku munzvimbo yeMed iterranean uye akaroverwa mumidziyo, zvombo, uye maturusi. Makore akapoteredza 5000 BC, nyanzvi dzemhizha dzakaona kuti kupisa kwaiita kuti mhangura iwedzere kukwanisa. Kukanda nekunyungudutswa kwendarira kwakatanga makore akapoteredza 4000-3500 BC (ona mufananidzo 6-2). Makore angangoita 2500 BC, mhangura yakasanganiswa nerata kugadzira bhuronzi — alloy yaibvumira zvombo zvakasimba uye maturusi. Brass, alloy yemhangura uye zinc, pamwe haina kugadzirwa kusvika 300 AD

Mhangura yakatanga kucherwa (kusiyana neyakawanikwa pasi) muMupata weTimna muIsrael—nzvimbo isina vanhu inotendwa kuva nzvimbo yeMigodhi yaMambo Solo mon (ona mufananidzo 6-3). MaFenike nemaRemans, avo vaishanda mumigodhi mikuru kuKupro uye munzvimbo yeRio Tinto yekumaodzanyemba kweSpain, vakaita budiriro yekutanga mukutsvagisa mhangura uye nzira dzekuchera. Semuyenzaniso, maRoma akawana mitumbi ingangoita 100 yakaita serenzi munzvimbo yemhangura yeRio Tinto. Vanamazvikokota venzvimbo dzemazuva ano vakangowana madhipoziti mashoma ekuwedzera, uye dzinenge kugadzirwa kweRio Tinto kwemazuva ano kwakabva kune simbi yakatanga kuwanikwa nevaRemans.

3 KuRio Tinto, maRemans akachera nechepamusoro, nzombe idized, chikamu chesimbi uye vakaunganidza musanganiswa wecopper weIaden waibudiswa nemvura zvishoma nezvishoma uchidzika nemumiviri yesimbi yesuIfide. Apo maMoor akakunda chikamu ichi cheSpain munguva yeMiddle Ages, orekisi yeoxide yakanga yapera simba.Kudzidza kubva pane zvakaitika kuRoma nesepage, maMoor akagadzira gomba rakazaruka, leaching, uye iron precipitation tech niques yakaramba ichishandiswa. kuRio Tinto kusvika muzana remakore rechi20.

MuBritain, mhangura nemarata zvakashandiswa muCorn wall uye zvaitengeswa nevaFenikiya kare muna 1500 BC MaReman akaunza nzira dzakavandudzwa dzesimbi kuBritain.